Mohawk Nation of the Grand River Country
Thursday 6th February 2025

Grand River Location Determination Rules (MNLDR) Initiative

Directive from the Office of the Secretary-General of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River

Subject: Grand River Location Determination Rules (MNLDR) Initiative
Office: Secretary-General
Date: November 19, 2024
Issued by: Secretary-General of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River
System Addressed: Education Systems
Instrument Type: Directive
Directive Code: SG0511-241119-00001

Mandate
This mandate establishes a formal process for determining geographic locations, addressing jurisdictional challenges, and resolving developments or encroachments within the six-mile boundary of the Grand River, as outlined by the Haldimand Proclamation. It ensures consistent respect for the Mohawk Nation’s sovereign rights and addresses conflicts arising from Ontario or Canadian legal frameworks. Certificates issued under this mandate will provide clarity for claims, disputes, and legal matters, reinforcing Mohawk sovereignty and providing a clear framework for all parties to follow.

The Haldimand Proclamation, the culmination of the 1779 Pledge, permanently grants land to the descendants of three villages, affirming their exclusive rights and undisturbed possession. This foundational agreement remains a cornerstone of Mohawk sovereignty and guarantees their land rights and authority over the Grand River.

All modern claims must uphold the principles of this Proclamation, ensuring the Mohawk Nation’s sovereignty and exclusive rights are protected without compromise.

Purpose
The purpose of this mandate is to establish a formal, systematic process for identifying and confirming the geographical location of incidents, jurisdictional conflicts, developments, and encroachments within the six-mile boundary of the Grand River, as defined by the Haldimand Proclamation. It is designed to ensure that the sovereign rights of the Mohawk Nation, as outlined in the Proclamation, are consistently respected and upheld. This process also addresses the legal challenges posed by the imposition of Ontario or Canadian laws on Mohawk lands, and provides a clear mechanism for the issuance of formal certificates to support legal claims, disputes, or other related matters on a case-by-case basis. The overall aim is to protect Mohawk sovereignty, uphold legal clarity, and ensure the enforcement of jurisdictional boundaries for both internal Mohawk affairs and external legal interactions.

In our directive, it is imperative to address jurisdictional issues and claims on Mohawk lands through a case-by-case approach. This methodology is essential due to several foundational factors:

Additional Context

Simcoe Patent and Historical Surveying

  • The Simcoe Patent of 1796, which purportedly established a framework for Mohawk lands, was used to incorporate lands granted under the Haldimand Proclamation into colonial governance structures. This historical misstep laid the groundwork for jurisdictional disputes, as lands originally granted for the exclusive use of the Mohawks were surveyed and treated as public lands without consent. Resolving these disputes requires revisiting the terms and original surveys tied to the Simcoe Patent to identify and correct misinterpretations or omissions in the historical record.

Lack of Data and Documentation

  • Historical records, including maps and surveys from the late 18th and early 19th centuries, are fragmented, incomplete, or inaccurately represented. This has created significant uncertainty regarding the exact boundaries and jurisdiction of the Mohawk Nation today. Furthermore, the Canadian government’s failure to fully integrate the Haldimand Proclamation into modern legal frameworks has compounded this issue, leaving critical aspects of Mohawk sovereignty unenforced. The restoration of jurisdictional clarity hinges on the recovery and analysis of accurate historical data and proper documentation.

Necessity for Case-by-Case Evaluation

  • Given the incomplete historical data and the unique circumstances of each jurisdictional claim, a case-by-case evaluation is essential. This tailored approach enables precise determinations of jurisdiction, ensuring alignment with the original intent of the Haldimand Proclamation and addressing the misapplication of the Simcoe Patent. Each case can be resolved through carefully constructed legal arguments that reference historical records, modern governance standards, and expert consultations. This approach is particularly critical in addressing contemporary issues, such as external developments or disputes involving Mohawk lands.

Doctrine of Dedication

  • The Doctrine of Dedication underscores that lands granted under the Haldimand Proclamation were exclusively set apart for the Loyalist Mohawk Posterity exclusive use and enjoyment. These lands were never surrendered or opened for public use to Ontario or Canada, reaffirming the exclusivity of Mohawk rights. This principle supports the Mohawk Nation’s claim to sovereignty and exclusive jurisdiction over these lands.

Rule of Necessity

  • The Rule of Necessity justifies the case-by-case evaluation process as a pragmatic response to historical and legal gaps. By addressing each claim individually, this approach ensures that governance decisions are tailored to specific disputes, safeguarding Mohawk sovereignty while navigating the limitations imposed by incomplete historical documentation.
  • The Haldimand Proclamation and its gift deed nature make it clear that any modern legal or jurisdictional claim on the Grand River must be viewed with respect for Mohawk sovereignty. As we address current claims and challenges, it is crucial to evaluate each case individually, ensuring that:
    • Respect for Mohawk Sovereignty: Any attempt to claim or develop land within the Grand River without the explicit consent of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River is a violation of their sovereign rights, as confirmed by the Haldimand Proclamation.
    • The Inviolability of the Gift Deed: The Haldimand Proclamation acts as an unbreakable gift deed, and as such, no future actions by the government or third-party entities can undermine the rights of the descendants of the three villages and their exclusive use of the land.
    • No Mechanisms for Diminishing the Land: As highlighted, there was no surrender of land by the Mohawk people, and no formal mechanism was ever established that would allow for the diminishment or dispossession of this land. Therefore, any legal or commercial processes that have been used to transfer, subdivide, or develop this land must be viewed as invalid, as they are based on invalid surveys and the non-existent Simcoe Patent.

Expected Outcomes

  • Jurisdictional Clarity: Resolving disputes in alignment with the Haldimand Proclamation and addressing misapplications of the Simcoe Patent.
  • Reinforcement of Sovereignty: Upholding the exclusive rights of the Mohawk Nation over lands dedicated to their use.
  • Systematic Governance Process: Establishing a consistent methodology for addressing jurisdictional claims and legal disputes effectively.

By adopting this deliberate and systematic approach, we can strengthen the Mohawk Nation’s governance, address historical oversights, and resolve contemporary challenges while preserving the integrity of Mohawk sovereignty.

In summary, the case-by-case approach is necessary because it allows us to reconcile historical land grants, surveys, and legal documents with modern-day realities. It ensures that each jurisdictional dispute is handled in a manner that respects the historical context while upholding the sovereignty of the Mohawk Nation. By using this approach, we can more effectively advocate for the proper observance of the Haldimand Proclamation and protect the rights and lands of the Mohawk people.

Scope
This mandate applies to:

  • Civic Offices and Law Enforcement: All governmental agencies, police, and judicial offices operating on Mohawk lands.
  • Traffic Stops and Vehicular Incidents: Traffic stops, accidents, or disputes on roads within the six-mile boundary.
  • By-Laws and Regulatory Actions: Municipal or provincial by-laws enforced within the Mohawk jurisdiction.
  • Developments and Projects: Any new construction, zoning changes, or infrastructure developments affecting lands within the jurisdiction.
  • Hazards and Encroachments: Actions by external entities, including provincial or federal authorities, military, or judicial bodies that encroach on Mohawk lands.
  • Mohawk Citizens: Individuals seeking official determinations for claims, disputes, or verification of land rights under Mohawk sovereignty.

Directive Details

Location Determination Process

  • Step 1: Incident Logging and GPS Coordinates: All incidents such as traffic stops, accidents, or encroachments will be logged with precise GPS coordinates marking the location. A provisional six-mile boundary will guide the relevance of these events to the Haldimand Proclamation.
  • Step 2: Location Verification: The location will be cross-referenced against the Grand River boundary to verify its alignment with Mohawk jurisdiction under the Proclamation. The findings will indicate whether the location falls within Mohawk sovereignty or outside it, where external jurisdiction may apply.
  • Step 3: Determination of Findings: Once verified, the findings will be recorded and include whether Mohawk Nation jurisdiction applies or if external authorities may proceed with enforcement.

Issuance of Certificates of Determination

  • Certificate Process: Once the location determination is completed, an official certificate will be issued, confirming the findings with detailed location data and jurisdictional status.
  • Use of Certificates: These certificates will serve as legal evidence for Mohawk citizens or external parties in claims, land disputes, or official verification matters.
  • Record Keeping and Access: Certificates will be stored in a centralized database, accessible to Mohawk citizens or external parties upon request.

Enforcement and Jurisdiction Compliance

  • Binding Findings: All determinations of location and jurisdiction will be binding on external authorities, including government and law enforcement.
  • Jurisdictional Testing: Any external claims will be tested against the location determination findings. Claims contrary to the findings will be invalid, and enforcement will be suspended until a proper resolution with the Mohawk Nation is reached.

Development and Encroachment Management

  • Pre-Approval of Developments: Any developments within the six-mile boundary, including construction or infrastructure projects, require prior approval from the Mohawk Nation.
  • Unauthorized Developments: Unauthorized encroachments will be logged and addressed, including the potential removal or correction of the encroachment.

Hazards and Risk Mitigation

  • Review of Hazards: The Mohawk Nation will review any developments or actions that pose risks or hazards to Mohawk citizens within the boundary and will take necessary enforcement actions to mitigate these risks.

Dispute Resolution and External Authorities

  • Dispute Resolution: In cases of conflict between Mohawk citizens and external authorities, the Mohawk Nation will investigate and resolve disputes based on the location determination process.
  • Resolution of Violations: Encroachments or violations of Mohawk sovereignty by civic offices, military, or judicial authorities will be resolved through the formal certificate process, and violators will face legal action accordingly.

II. Diagram: Location Determination of Mohawk Lands and Claims with Roadway Crossing

This diagram serves as a comprehensive tool for understanding the territorial, legal, and jurisdictional dynamics on Mohawk lands, underscoring the sovereignty of the Mohawk Nation and the exclusive rights granted by the Haldimand Proclamation. It also highlights the complexities that arise from external encroachments, the legal status of the land, and the right of the Mohawk Nation to determine how their lands are used and who is allowed to enter or claim ownership.

III. Legend Explanation: Location Determination of Mohawk Lands and Claims with Roadway Crossing

  • Grand River (Blue Line): Represents the main river along the Grand River, which serves as the geographical reference for the jurisdictional boundaries.
  • 6-Mile Boundary (Red Dashed Line): The boundary that demarcates the extent of Mohawk Sovereignty as outlined in the Haldimand Proclamation. This boundary is crucial for understanding the jurisdictional limits.
  • Mohawk Exclusive Jurisdiction (Orange Shaded Area): The region within the 6-mile boundary, shaded in orange, signifies the land that is exclusively under Mohawk control and governance.

Right-of-Way Zones:

  • Occupied Zone 1 (Light Green): Represents an area within the jurisdiction that is currently occupied or claimed, likely by external developments or infrastructure.
  • Occupied Zone 2 (Light Blue): Another occupied or claimed area within the jurisdiction, indicating areas of potential legal concern or external activity within Mohawk lands.

Incidents:

  • Car Accident Inside Boundary (Green Dot): An incident that occurred inside the Mohawk Sovereignty boundary.
  • Car Accident Outside Boundary (Black Dot): An incident that occurred outside the boundary, indicating external jurisdictional claims or disputes.

Jurisdiction Claims:

  • Crown Claim Inside Boundary (Red X): A claim made by the Crown that is within the Mohawk Sovereignty area.
  • Crown Claim Outside Boundary (Blue X): A claim made by the Crown outside the boundary, possibly indicating disputed or contested areas of jurisdiction.

Infrastructure Elements:

  • Roadway and Bridge (Gray Line): A roadway crossing the river, symbolizing infrastructure development that intersects the jurisdictional boundaries.
  • Bridge (Brown Square): A bridge at the point where the roadway meets the river, marked with a brown square.

House Locations:

  • House Inside Boundary (Blue Square): A house located within the Mohawk jurisdiction, indicating private property that is inside the 6-mile boundary.
  • House Outside Boundary (Purple Square): A house located outside the Mohawk jurisdiction, representing non-Mohawk ownership or external land claims.
  • Unlawful Entry Point (Red Text Box): An entry point marked as unlawful, indicating areas that have not been dedicated or surrendered for public use, and are therefore not open for external activity.
  • Boundary Intersection (Red Square): The point where a roadway or infrastructure intersects with the Mohawk jurisdictional boundary, marking a critical area of concern for legal and sovereignty issues.
  • Lower Access Points (Red Squares): Locations where access points to the land exist outside the dedicated public areas, marked with red squares, signaling potential unauthorized access or conflict.

IV. Certificate of Determination: Contents

The Certificate of Determination will serve as an official document confirming the jurisdictional status of a specific location under the authority of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River. This certificate will be issued after the location determination process is completed, and will include the following essential elements:

Certificate Title and Identification

  • Title: “Certificate of Determination of Location and Jurisdiction”
  • Certificate Number: A unique identification number for each certificate issued.
  • Date of Issuance: The date the certificate is officially issued.
  • Issuer’s Signature and Seal: Signed by the authorized official of the Mohawk Nation and bearing the official seal of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River.

Incident Details

  • Incident Type: The type of incident (e.g., traffic stop, vehicular accident, encroachment, development, etc.).
  • Incident Description: A brief description of the incident or event leading to the determination (e.g., nature of the dispute, action being taken, etc.).
  • Date and Time of Incident: When the incident occurred or was reported.
  • External Party Involved: The name of any external agency, government entity, or person involved (e.g., local law enforcement, municipality, contractor, etc.).

Location Information

  • GPS Coordinates: Precise GPS coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the location being assessed.
  • Physical Address/Location Description: A detailed address or descriptive location information, including nearby landmarks, roads, or identifiable features.
  • Jurisdictional Boundary Reference: The boundary reference used to determine the location’s relationship to the six-mile jurisdiction of the Mohawk Nation (e.g., proximity to Grand River, six-mile boundary reference).

Jurisdictional Findings

  • Mohawk Sovereignty Determination: A clear statement on whether the location falls within Mohawk sovereignty as defined by the Haldimand Proclamation.
    • Within Mohawk Sovereignty: The location is confirmed to be within the jurisdiction of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River.
    • Outside Mohawk Sovereignty: The location is confirmed to fall under external jurisdiction (e.g., provincial, federal, or municipal).
  • Supporting Documentation/Maps: Visual aids or references (e.g., maps, satellite imagery) supporting the determination of the location within or outside Mohawk jurisdiction.

Jurisdictional Status

  • Affirmation of Enforcement: A statement of the binding nature of the findings, indicating that the determination must be observed by external authorities. This will emphasize the Mohawk Nation’s exclusive authority over the jurisdiction within the six-mile boundary, and any external jurisdictional claim contrary to this will be invalid.
  • External Enforcement or Action: In case the location is outside Mohawk jurisdiction, this section will state that external authorities may proceed with enforcement actions as per their own jurisdiction, with the understanding that the location is outside Mohawk sovereignty.

Certificate Usage and Access

  • Certificate Use: A statement on how the certificate may be used as legal evidence for land rights, claims, or dispute resolution. This may include instructions for submitting the certificate in legal proceedings, land disputes, or negotiations.
  • Access and Record Keeping: Details on how the certificate will be stored in the centralized database and instructions on how it can be accessed by the parties involved (e.g., Mohawk citizens or external authorities).

Legal References

  • Legal Basis: Reference to the Haldimand Proclamation (1784) and any other relevant legal documents or precedents that support the jurisdictional authority of the Mohawk Nation over the defined lands.
  • Enforcement of Sovereignty: A clause affirming that all determinations made under this certificate are legally binding and must be adhered to by all parties, including governmental and law enforcement agencies.

Certification and Verification Information

  • Official Contact Information: The contact details (address, phone number, email) for the Mohawk Nation office handling the issuance of the certificate, should further inquiries or verification be required.
  • Certificate Expiry (if applicable): If applicable, the expiration date of the certificate, if the determination is time-sensitive or subject to future updates or reevaluation.
  • Request for Amendments: A clause providing instructions on how to request amendments to the certificate in case of errors or updated information (e.g., new GPS coordinates or jurisdictional disputes).

V. Certificate Example

Certificate of Determination of Location and Jurisdiction

  • Certificate Number: #123456-123456-123456
  • Issued by: Mohawk Nation of Grand River
  • Date of Issuance: November 18, 2024

Incident Type: Traffic Stop
Incident Description: A traffic stop was made by the Brantford Police on a vehicle traveling within the six-mile boundary.
Date and Time of Incident: November 17, 2024, 10:30 AM
External Party Involved: Brantford Police Department

GPS Coordinates: 43.1938° N, 80.2712° W
Location Description: Highway 403, near the Grand River bridge, Brantford, Grand River.

Jurisdictional Finding:

  • Location Determination: The location falls within the jurisdiction of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River under foundational documents including the Haldimand Pledge (1779) and Proclamation (1784).
  • External Jurisdiction: Not applicable; external authorities are not authorized to enforce outside the Mohawk Nation’s jurisdiction.

Binding Enforcement: This determination is binding and must be observed by all external authorities. Any contrary claims or enforcement outside of the Mohawk Nation’s jurisdiction are invalid.

Certificate Issued By:
[Signature of Authorized Mohawk Nation Official]
[Official Seal of Mohawk Nation]

Contact Information:
Mohawk Nation of Grand River
Email: [contact@mohawknation.org]
Phone: [555-555-5555]

This comprehensive certificate will ensure clarity and consistency in jurisdictional determinations and serve as an effective tool for asserting the rights and sovereignty of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River in legal, regulatory, and enforcement matters.

Grand River Location Determination Rules (MNLDR) Workflow and Responsibilities

This document outlines the step-by-step workflow, roles, and responsibilities involved in determining the use and management of land within the Mohawk Nation of Grand River. It provides the procedural foundation for processing land claims, resolving disputes, and ensuring the sustainable and culturally aligned use of land in accordance with the Nation’s governance structure and legal framework. The workflow is built on the principles of sovereignty, cultural preservation, and accountability to ensure the fair and transparent management of land and resources within the Grand River territory.

Step Action Description Roles Involved Details/Responsibilities
1. Application Submission Submitting applications for land claims, resource use, etc. Secretary-General The Secretary-General reviews applications with national implications or potential conflicts, ensuring they align with Mohawk Nation priorities. They make an initial determination if the claim involves any governance disputes and consults with the Grand River Mohawk Council as needed for national or controversial claims.
2. Application Review Assessing the completeness and legitimacy of applications. Secretary-General, Directors, Agents The Secretary-General and Directors review applications for legal compliance, completeness, and relevance to Mohawk interests. If issues arise that affect governance or policy, the Secretary-General will bring it to the Grand River Mohawk Council. Agents assist by gathering any additional information required for review.
3. Verification & Documentation Verifying land boundaries and confirming evidence. Agents, Legal Advisors, Elders Agents verify the physical boundaries and historical use of the land. Legal Advisors provide consultation on applicable laws, ensuring treaty alignment and compliance. Elders may be consulted for cultural and historical context of the land use. If required, the Chief Justice may be called in to interpret treaty obligations.
4. Evidence Gathering Gathering evidence, testimonies, and documentation. Agents, Legal Advisors, Secretary-General Agents gather testimonies and documentations, compiling relevant evidence for the claim. The Secretary-General ensures the process adheres to governance standards. Legal Advisors assist in ensuring that all evidence complies with the legal framework, and if necessary, will escalate legal concerns to the Chief Justice.
5. Decision Making Evaluating findings and determining outcomes. Directors, Governance Council, Secretary-General Directors assess the compiled evidence, and the Governance Council plays the final role in evaluating the implications of the findings on the Mohawk Nation. The Secretary-General ensures the process aligns with strategic policies, and presents the decision to the Grand River Mohawk Council for approval. The Council provides final direction.
6. Issuance of Certificate Issuing formal certificates of ownership or claim. Directors, Agents, Secretary-General Directors issue certificates based on the final decision. The Secretary-General ensures that the certificates are formally validated and that they adhere to Mohawk governance and legal frameworks. Agents distribute certificates and ensure their accurate documentation.
7. Record Maintenance Recording certificates and land claims in the central registry. Directors, Agents, Secretary-General The Secretary-General maintains oversight on the integrity of the records, ensuring all land claims are properly documented. Agents ensure that physical and digital copies of the certificates and claims are stored appropriately in the central registry. Directors ensure that records are consistent and complete.
8. Enforcement Action Taking action to enforce land use regulations or resolve violations. Directors, Chief Justice, Agents If violations or conflicts arise, Chief Justice oversees the enforcement of legal actions, such as court orders or injunctions. Directors coordinate with Agents to ensure enforcement actions are carried out, including the cessation of unauthorized land use. The Secretary-General ensures that governance frameworks are followed.
9. Reporting and Updates Generating regular reports on land management. Secretary-General, Directors, Governance Council Secretary-General ensures that all relevant reports on land management are compiled and presented to the Grand River Mohawk Council for decision-making. The Governance Council reviews the reports to ensure proper oversight and accountability. Directors work with Agents to provide timely and accurate updates.
10. Continuous Monitoring Ongoing monitoring of land and resource usage. Agents, Secretary-General, Governance Council Agents conduct ongoing site visits and monitoring to ensure compliance with governance regulations. If legal concerns arise, the Secretary-General intervenes to ensure the issues are handled appropriately. The Governance Council oversees long-term strategies and provides guidance on how land and resource usage should be managed.

Allocation of Responsibilities Based on Governance Structure:

  • Secretary-General: Oversees the entire MNLDR process, ensuring that all actions align with Mohawk governance principles and strategic direction set by the Grand River Mohawk Council. The Secretary-General also liaises with the Governance Council and Chief Justice as necessary to ensure decisions respect the legal and cultural integrity of the Nation.
  • Grand River Mohawk Council: Provides final approval and strategic direction at key decision points, including during Decision Making, Reporting and Updates, and any instances of Enforcement Action requiring policy changes or larger governance discussions. The Council also plays a role in ensuring alignment with the sovereignty and cultural principles of the Mohawk Nation.
  • Governance Council: While the Secretary-General and Directors handle day-to-day operations, the Governance Council ensures that decisions, especially Decision Making, Issuance of Certificates, and Enforcement Action, are consistent with the Nation’s long-term goals and sovereignty. They will also handle major disputes or requests for intervention from Chief Justice or other governance bodies.
  • Chief Justice: Oversees the judicial aspects of land use disputes or enforcement actions. In situations where legal interpretation of treaties or the application of Mohawk law is required, the Chief Justice ensures that the judiciary is applied appropriately. They may also assist in resolving conflicts, offering rulings on legal disputes or claims.
  • Directors and Agents: Execute the day-to-day processes of Application Review, Verification & Documentation, Evidence Gathering, Issuance of Certificates, and Continuous Monitoring. They provide support for all Enforcement Action and Reporting and Updates through data collection, management, and compliance monitoring. The Directors also ensure that decisions are followed and implemented appropriately.
  • Elders and Cultural Advisors: Primarily consulted during the Verification & Documentation and Evidence Gathering stages to provide cultural context, traditions, and historical knowledge, which might affect land use decisions. They ensure that decisions align with Mohawk values and historical agreements.

The Grand River Location Determination Rules (MNLDR) workflow is designed to provide a systematic, transparent, and culturally grounded process for managing land claims, resource use, and the resolution of disputes within the Mohawk Nation of Grand River. It ensures that all actions related to land are guided by the Nation’s governance structure, laws, and cultural values. The workflow clarifies the steps from application submission to land management enforcement, allocating specific responsibilities across the Grand River Mohawk Council, Secretary-General, Chief Justice, and other key figures in the governance framework. This workflow upholds the sovereignty of the Mohawk Nation and ensures that land rights are respected, disputes are resolved fairly, and decisions are made with the involvement of relevant governance bodies.

The purpose of this workflow is to:

  1. Ensure Proper Land Use Management: The workflow ensures that land claims and resource use are assessed and documented according to the Nation’s legal framework, protecting sovereignty over Mohawk lands.
  2. Provide Accountability: It ensures transparency by defining specific roles, responsibilities, and actions within the process, with oversight from the Grand River Mohawk Council.
  3. Maintain Cultural Integrity: The process integrates cultural advisors, such as Elders, in key decision-making moments to safeguard the cultural heritage and traditions of the Mohawk people, ensuring that land decisions align with traditional values.
  4. Offer Clear Decision-Making Pathways: By specifying the roles of governance bodies like the Secretary-General and Chief Justice, the workflow establishes clear accountability in decision-making, from initial applications through to enforcement.
  5. Enhance Legal Compliance: The process is designed to ensure that all decisions comply with Mohawk law, treaty obligations, and national governance rules.

Authority
This directive is issued under the authority of the Mohawk Nation of Grand River and the Haldimand Proclamation (1784). The Proclamation, as the foundational legal document, confirms the Mohawk Nation’s superior rights and sovereignty over the lands within the six-mile boundary of the Grand River. The enforcement of this directive is legally binding on all parties and must be adhered to by both Mohawk citizens and external authorities operating within the jurisdiction.

Original Signed: Benjamin Doolittle
Secretary-General
Mohawk Nation of Grand River

 

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